Etymology of some Indo-Iranian cultural terms and the Indo-Iranian substratum theory
I. Indo-Iranian *Hišti- / *Hišta- ‘brick’
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30842/30346800.2026.2.1.7Keywords:
adobe brick, etymology, theory of the Indo-Iranian substratum, Tocharian, Indo-Iranian proto-languageAbstract
In the last three decades, a new hypothesis on the origins of the Indo-Iranian lexicon has been gaining wide acceptance. It suggests that a substantial stratum of the Indo-Iranian lexicon owes its origin to contacts between IndoIranians and bearers of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) culture which existed in the 3rd –2 nd millennia BC between the Pamir and the Kopet Dagh. This hypothesis, often called “the theory of the Indo-Iranian substratum”, was suggested by Michael Witzel in 1995 and later elaborated by him in a series of papers. While this theory has been subsequently approved by many prominent scholars, I argue that it is built on methodologically shaky foundations: Witzel postulates a non-Indo-European substratum in Indo-Iranian based on a small list of words found in both Indo-Aryan and Iranian with no reliable Indo-European etymology available. Notably, in order to substantiate this hypothesis, he and his followers had to enlist material which fails to meet the original criteria. Beginning with this essay, I plan to publish a series of papers to show that at least some of the alleged borrowings can be more convincingly explained as inherited Indo-Iranian lexemes. The first of these articles deals with the Indo-Iranian word for ‘brick’, which plays an important role in substantiating the theory of the Indo-Iranian substratum. I postulate the Indo-European prototype *h2h̥1s-tó-/*h2h̥1s-ti- from *h2eh1s- ‘to dry’, which meets both the semantic and formal criteria of etymological reliability.
References
Adams 1999 — D. Q. Adams. A dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam; Atlanta: Rodopi, 1999.
Adams 2013 — D. Q. Adams. A dictionary of Tocharian B. In 2 vols. 2nd edn. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, 2013.
AiGr. — J. Wackernagel. Altindische Grammatik. In 3 vols. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1896–1964.
Andreyev, Peshchereva 1957 — М. S. Andreyev, E. М. Peshchereva. Ya-gnobskiye teksty s prilozheniyem yagnobsko-russkogo slovarya [Yagh-nobi texts with a Yaghnobi-Russian glossary]. Moscow; Leningrad: Press of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1957.
Atalay 1939–1941 — B. Atalay (transl.). Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of “Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk”]. In 4 vols. Ankara: Alâeddin Kiral Basimevi, 1939–1941.
Bartholomae 1904 — Chr. Bartholomae. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner, 1904.
Beekes 2010 — R. S. P. Beekes. Etymological dictionary of Greek. In 2 vols. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010.
Benvenuto 2008 — M. C. Benvenuto. Indoeuropeità e sostrato nell’etimologia iranica. Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti. 2008. Ser. 9. Vol. 19. P. 563–582.
Berger 1998 — H. Berger. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager. In 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998.
Bernard 2023 — Ch. Bernard. Like Dust on the Silk Road: An investigation of the earliest Iranian loanwords and of possible BMAC borrowings in Tocharian. PhD dissertation. Leiden: Leiden University, 2023.
Boeschoten, O’Kane 2015 — H. E. Boeschoten, J. O’Kane (eds.). Al-Rabghūzī. The Stories of the prophets Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā’: An Eastern Turkish version. In 2 vols. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015.
Brandenstein, Mayrhofer 1964 — W. Brandenstein, M. Mayrhofer. Handbuch des Altpersischen. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1964.
Brust 2018 — M. Brust. Historische Laut- und Formenlehre des Altper-sischen mit einem etymologischen Glossar. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen der Universität Innsbruck, 2018.
Byrd 2015 — A. M. Byrd. The Indo-European syllable. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015.
CDIAL — R. L. Turner. A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. In 4 vols. London; New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1966–1985.
Cheung 2007 — J. Cheung. Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007.
Clauson 1972 — G. Clauson. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
Čop 1971 — B. Čop. Indogermanica Minora, I. Sur les langues anatoli-ennes. Ljubljana: Slovenska Akademija znanosti in umetnosti, 1971.
Dankoff 1982–1985 — R. Dankoff, J. Kelly (eds., transls.). Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk). In 3 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Printing Office, 1982–1985.
Doerfer 1976 — G. Doerfer. Woher stammte Ibn Muhannā? Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. Neue Folge. 1976. Vol. 9. S. 243–251.
Emmerick 1968 — R. E. Emmerick. Saka grammatical studies. London; New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1968.
ESIYA — V. S. Rastorguyeva, D. I. Edelman. Etimologicheskiy slovar iranskikh yazykov [Etymological dictionary of the Iranian languages]. Vol. I–VI. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2000–2020.
ESTYA — E. V. Sevortyan et al. (eds.). Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov [Etymological dictionary of the Turkic languages]. Vols. 1–7. Moscow: Nauka; Yazyki russkoy kultury, 1974–2003.
EWA — M. Mayrhofer. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. In 3 Bänden. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1992–1996.
Forisz 2016 — L. Forisz. Apāṃ Napāt, Dīrghatamas and Construction of the Brick Altar: Analysis of RV 1.143. A. Parpola, P. Koskikallio (eds.). Vedic investigations. Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2016. Vol. 1. P. 97–126.
Frisk 1960–1972 — H. Frisk. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. In 3 Bänden. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–1972.
Geldner 1896 — K. F. Geldner. Avesta: The sacred books of the Parsis. In 3 vols. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1896.
Geldner 1951–1957 — K. F. Geldner. Der Rig-Veda aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche übersetzt und mit einem laufenden Kommentar versehen. In 4 Teilen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: Geoffrey Cumberlege; Oxford University Press; Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1951–1957.
Gershevitch 1954 — I. Gershevitch. A grammar of Manichean Sogdian. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954.
Hackstein 2002 — O. Hackstein. Uridg. *CH.CC > *C.CC. Historische Sprachforschung. 2002. Bd. 115. H. 1. S. 1–22.
Harðarson 1994 — J. A. Harðarson. Der Verlust zweier wichtiger Flex-ionskategorien im Uranatolischen. Historische Sprachforschung. 1994. Bd. 107. H. 1. S. 30–41.
Hazai, Zieme 1983 — G. Hazai, P. Zieme (Hrsgg.). Sprachwissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Turfan-Forschung. Faksimiles zu den Text-Editionen von Albert August von Le Coq, Fridrich Wilhelm Karl Müller, Willy Bang, Annemarie von Gabain, Gabdul Rašid Rachmati, Vilhelm Thomsen. Bd. 4. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1983.
HED — J. Puhvel. Hittite etymological dictionary. Vol. 1–11. Berlin; New York; Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers, 1984–2021.
Hilmarsson 1986 — J. G. Hilmarsson. Studies in Tocharian phonology, morphology and etymology with special emphasis on the o-vocalism. PhD dissertation. Leiden: Leiden University, 1986.
Hoffmann 1976 — K. Hoffmann. Präteritaler Optativ im Altiranischen. J. Narten (Hrsg.). Karl Hoffmann. Aufsätze zur Indo-Iranistik. Bd. 2. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 1976. P. 605–619.
IIFL — G. Morgenstierne. Indo-Iranian frontier languages. In 4 vols. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.; Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz; Paris: Honoré Champion; London: Williams & Norgate, Ltd.; Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press, 1929–1973.
Isebaert 1980 — L. Isebaert. De Indo-Iraanse Bestanddelen in de Tocharische Woordenschat. PhD dissertation. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leu-ven, 1980.
Jamaspasa, Humbach 1971 — K. M. Jamaspasa, H. Humbach (eds.). Pursišnīhā: A Zoroastrian Catechism. Part I: Text, translation, notes. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971.
Johansson 1906 — K. F. Johansson. Arische Beiträge. Indogermanische Forschungen. 1906. Bd. 19. H. 1. S. 112–139.
Klimchitskiy 1937 — S. I. Klimchitskiy. Yagnobsko-sogdiyskiye soot-vetstviya [Yaghnobi-Sogdian correspondences]. Zapiski Instituta vos-tokovedeniya Akademii Nauk SSSR [Transactions of the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. 1937. Vol. 6. P. 15–25.
Klingenschmitt 2000 — G. Klingenschmitt. Mittelpersisch. B. Forssman, R. Plath (eds.). Indoarisch, Iranisch und die Indogermanistik. Ar-beitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 2. bis 5. Oktober 1997 in Erlangen. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 2000. S. 191–229.
Kloekhorst 2008 — A. Kloekhorst. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008.
König 1930 — F. W. König. Der Burgbau zu Susa nach dem Bauberichte des Königs Dareios I. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1930.
Krause, Thomas 1960–1964 — W. Krause, W. Thomas. Tocharisches El-ementarbuch. Vol. I: Grammatik; Vol. II: Texte und Glossar. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–1964.
Kroonen 2013 — G. Kroonen. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013.
Kumar 2013–2014 — Dh. Kumar (ed.). R̥gveda-Saṁhitā. Delhi: Delhi Sanskrit Academy, 2013–2014.
Kümmel 2017 — M. J. Kümmel. Agricultural terms in Indo-Iranian. M. Robbeets, A. Savelyev (eds.). Language dispersal beyond farming. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2017. P. 275–290. DOI: 10.1075/z.215.12kum.
Kümmel 2018 — M. J. Kümmel. The survival of laryngeals in Iranian. L. van Beek, A. Kloekhorst, G. Kroonen, M. Peyrot, T. Pronk, M. de Vaan (eds.). Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European studies in honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor; New York: Beech Stave Press, 2018. P. 162–172.
LIV — M. J. Kümmel, H. Rix (Hrsgg.). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 2001.
Lorimer 1935–1938 — D. L. R. Lorimer. The Burushaski language. In 3 vols. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.; Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz; Paris: Le Belles Lettres; London: Williams & Norgate, Ltd.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935–1938.
Lubotsky 1985 — A. Lubotsky. The PIE word for ‘dry’. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 1985. Bd. 98. H. 1. S. 1–10.
Lubotsky 2001 — A. Lubotsky. Indo-Iranian Substratum. Ch. Carpelan, A. Parpola, P. Koskikallio (eds.). Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and archaeological considerations. Papers presented at an international symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki 8–10 January, 1999. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 2001. P. 301–317.
Lubotsky 2020 — A. Lubotsky. What language was spoken by the people of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex? P. W. Kroll, J. A. Silk (eds.). “At the shores of the sky”. Asian studies for Albert Hoffstädt. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2020. P. 5–11.
Lubotsky 2023 — A. Lubotsky. Indo-European and Indo-Iranian wagon terminology and the date of the Indo-Iranian split. E. Willerslev, G. Kroonen, K. Kristiansen (eds.). The Indo-European puzzle revisited: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 2023. P. 257–262. DOI: 10.1017/9781009261753.021.
Lüders 1922 — H. Lüders. Zur Geschichte und Geographie Ostturkestans. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phi-losophisch-historische Klasse. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wis-senschaften, 1922. S. 243–261.
MacKenzie 1970 — D. N. MacKenzie (ed.). The ‘Sūtra of the causes and effects of actions’ in Sogdian. London; New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Mallory, Adams 1997 — J. P. Mallory, D. Q. Adams (eds.). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London; Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997.
Malov 1928 — S. E. Malov. Ibn-Mukhanna o turetskom yazyke [Ibn Mu-hannā about Turkic]. Zapiski Kollegii vostokovedov pri Aziatskom muzeye Akademii nauk SSSR [Transactions of the Oriental Collegium by the Asian Museum of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. 1928. Vol. 3. P. 221–248.
Mayrhofer 1981 — M. Mayrhofer. Laryngalreflexe im Indoiranischen. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommu-nikationsforschung. 1981. Bd. 34. S. 427–438.
Meiser 1986 — G. Meiser. Lautgeschichte der umbrischen Sprache. Inns-bruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1986.
Melchert 1994 — H. C. Melchert. Anatolian historical phonology. Am-sterdam; Atlanta: Rodopi, 1994.
Melchert 2012 — H. C. Melchert. Genetive case and possessive adjective in Anatolian. V. Orioles (cur.). Per Roberto Gusmani: Languaggi, culture, letterature: Studi in ricordo. 2: Linguistica storica e teorica. In 2 voll. Udine: Forum, 2012. Vol. I. P. 273–286.
Melioranskiy 1900 — P. M. Melioranskiy. Arab filolog o turetskom yazyke. Arabskiy tekst izdal i snabdil perevodom i vvedeniyem P. M. Melioranskiy [An Arabic philologist about the Turkic language. The Arabic text edited and provided with translation and introduction by P. М. Мelioranskiy]. St. Petersburg: Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1900.
Morgenstierne 1942 — G. Morgenstierne. Iranica. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap. 1942. Vol. 12. S. 258–271.
Müller 1849–1874 — F. M. Müller (ed.). Rig-Veda-Sanhita, the sacred hymns of the Brahmans together with the commentary of Sayanacharya. In 6 vols. London: W. H. Allen and Co., 1849–1874.
Müller 1922 — F. W. K. Müller. Uigurica III. Uigurische Avadāna-Bruchstücke (I–VIII). Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Abh. II. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1922. P. 1–93.
Nagy 1974 — G. Nagy. Six studies of sacral vocabulary relating to the fireplace. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 1974. Vol. 78. P. 71–106.
Nagy 1992 — G. Nagy. Greek mythology and poetics. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Neri 2017 — S. Neri. Wetter: Etymologie und Lautgesetz. Perugia: Università degli Studi di Perugia, 2017.
Nikolaev 2021 — A. Nikolaev. [Recension on:] Neri, Sergio: Wetter. Ety-mologie und Lautgesetz. Università degli Studi di Perugia. Culture Territori Linguaggi (CTL), 14. Perugia, 2017. Kratylos. 2021. Vol. 66. P. 19–33. DOI: 10.29091/KRATYLOS/2021/1/2.
Novák 2010 — Ľ. Novák. Jaghnóbsko-český slovník s přehledem jaghnóbské gramatiky. Praha: Univerzitа Karlovа v Praze, 2010.
Oldenberg 1897 — H. Oldenberg (transl.). Vedic hymns. Part II: Hymns to Agni (Mandalas I–V). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897.
Oldenberg 1901 — H. Oldenberg. Ṛgveda VI, 1–20. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 1901. Bd. 55. H. 2. S. 267–330.
Orel 2003 — V. E. Orel. A handbook of Germanic etymology. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2003.
Pelliot 1923 — P. E. Pelliot. Note sur les anciens noms de Kučā, d’Aqsu et d’Uč-Turfan. T’oung Pao. 1923. Vol. 22. Iss. 2. P. 126–132.
Pelliot 1959–1963 — P. E. Pelliot. Notes on Marco Polo. In 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1959–1963.
Persson 1912 — P. Persson. Beiträge zur indogermanischen Wortforschung. In 2 Bänden. Uppsala: A.-B. Akademiska Bokhandeln; Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1912.
Peyrot 2008 — M. Peyrot. Variation and change in Tocharian B. Am-sterdam; New York: Rodopi, 2008.
Pinault 2002 — G.-J. Pinault. Tokh. B kucaññe, A kuciṃ et skr. Tokharika. Indo-Iranian Journal. 2002. Vol. 45. Iss. 4. P. 311–345. DOI: 10.1163/000000002124994919.
Pinault 2003a — G.-J. Pinault. Sanskrit kalyāṇa- interprété à la lumière des emprunts en Asie Centrale. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. 2003. T. 98. P. 123–161.
Pinault 2003b — G.-J. Pinault. Une nouvelle connexion entre le substrat indo-iranien et le tokharien commun. Historische Sprachforschung. 2003. Bd. 116. H. 2. S. 175–189.
Pinault 2006 — G.-J. Pinault. Further links between the Indo-Iranian sub-stratum and the BMAC language. B. Tikkanen, H. Hettrich (eds.). Themes and tasks in Old and Middle Indo-Aryan Linguistics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2006. P. 167–196.
Pischel, Geldner 1889–1901 — R. Pischel, K. F. Geldner. Vedische Studien. 3 Bände. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1889–1901.
Rachmati 1930 — G. R. Rachmati. Zur Heikunde der Uiguren. I. Sonderausgabe aus Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1930. S. 451–473.
Rachmati 1932 — G. R. Rachmati. Zur Heikunde der Uiguren. II. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phi-losophisch-historische Klasse. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1932. S. 401–448.
Radlov 1928 — V. V. Radlov. Pamyatniki uygurskogo yazyka [Uyghur written records]. Leningrad: Press of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1928.
Renou 1955–1969 — L. Renou. Études védiques et pāṇinéennes. 17 vols. Paris: E. De Boccard, 1955–1969.
Rifat 1915–1917 — K. Rifat (ed.). Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī. Kitāb Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk [Thesaurus of the Turkic language]. In 3 vols. Istanbul: Maṭba‘a-i ‘Āmire, 1915–1917.
Rifat 1919–1921 — K. Rifat (ed.). J̌emāl ad-Dīn Ibn al-Muhannā. Ḥilyat al-insān wa ḥalbat al-lisān [The adornment of man and the arena of language]. Istanbul: Maṭba‘a-i ‘Āmire, 1919–1921.
Rustamov, Kormushin 2010 — A. R. Rustamov, I. V. Kormushin (eds.). Makhmud al-Kashgari, Divan lugat at-turk (Svod tyurkskikh slov) [Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī, Dīwān Lughāt at-Turk (Compendium of Turkic Words)]. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2010.
Rustamov, Kormushin 2016 — A. R. Rustamov, I. V. Kormushin (eds.). Makhmud al-Kashgari, Divan lugat at-turk (Svod tyurkskikh slov) [Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī, Dīwān Lughāt at-Turk (Compendium of Turkic Words)]. In 3 vols. Vol. 2. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2016.
Sastri 1940 — V. Sastri. Shrimad-Vajsaneyi-Madhyandin-Shatpath-Brâhmanam with Vedar-thaprakash commentary by Shrimat-Trayibhashyakar Sayanachary and Sarvavidyanidhana Kavindracharya Saraswati Shri Hari Swami. In 5 vols. Kalyan-Bombay: Gangavishnu Shrikrishnadass, 1940.
Schmidt 1973 — G. Schmidt. Die iranischen Wörter für „Tochter“ und „Vater“ und die Reflexe des interkonsonantischen H (ə) in den idg. Sprachen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 1973. Bd. 87. H. 1. S. 36–83.
Schmitt 2009 — R. Schmitt. Die altpersischen Inschriften der Achaimeniden. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2009.
Schmitt 2014 — R. Schmitt. Wörterbuch der altpersischen Königsin-schriften. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 2014.
Schrijver 1991 — P. Schrijver. The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin. Amsterdam; Atlanta: Rodopi, 1991.
Sims-Williams 2017 — N. Sims-Williams. The Sogdian Ancient Letter No. 4 and the personal name Manavaghichk. A. Cantera, J. Ferrer-Lossila (eds.). fərā aməṣ̌ā spəṇtā gāθā̊ gə̄uruuāin. Homenaje a Helmut Humbach en su 95° aniversario. Girona: Sociedad de Estudios Iranios y Turanios, 2017. P. 171–179.
Steblin-Kamenskiy 1999 — I. M. Steblin-Kamenskiy. Etimologicheskiy slovar vakhanskogo yazyka [Etymological dictionary of the Wakhi lan-guage]. St. Petersburg: Peterburgskoye vostokovedeniye, 1999.
Stein 1931 — O. Stein. Neuere Forschungen zur altindischen Sozi-algeschichte, Rechts- und Staatsrechtsliteratur. Archiv Orientalní. 1931. Vol. 3. P. 49–86.
Sundermann 1990 — W. Sundermann. The Manichaean Hymn Cycles Huyadagmān and Angad Rōšnān in Parthian and Sogdian. Photo Edi-tion. Transcription and translation of hitherto unpublished texts, with critical remarks. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1990.
Syrkin 1967 — A. Ya. Syrkin. Upanishady. Perevod s sanskrita, predisloviye i kommentariy [The Upanishads. Translation from Sanskrit, Introduction and Commentary]. Moscow: Nauka, 1967.
Tremblay 2001 — X. Tremblay. Pour une histoire de la Sérinde. Le man-ichéisme parmi les peuples et religions de l’Asie Centrale d’après les sources primaires. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001.
Tremblay 2005 — X. Tremblay. Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 2005. Vol. 68. Iss. 3. P. 421–449.
Uhlenbeck 1898–1899 — C. C. Uhlenbeck. Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der altindischen Sprache. Amsterdam: Johannes Müller, 1898–1899.
de Vaan 2008 — M. de Vaan. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008.
Van Windekens 1949 — A. J. Van Windekens. Études iraniennes et to-khariennes I. Le Muséon. 1949. Vol. 62. P. 125–150.
Vorobyev-Desyatovskiy 1958 — V. S. Vorobyev-Desyatovskiy. Pamyatniki tsentralnoaziatskoy pismennosti [Central Asian written records]. Uchenyye zapiski Instituta Vostokovedeniya Akademii nauk SSSR [Transactions of the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR]. 1958. Vol. 16. P. 280–308.
Weber 1852 — A. Weber. The Vájasaneyi-Sanhitâ in the Mâdhyandina and the Kâṇva-Çâkhâ with the commentary of Mahîdhara. Berlin; London: Ferd. Dümmler’s Verlagsbuchhandlung; Williams and Norgate, 1852.
Winter 1984 — W. Winter. Zur tocharischen Entsprechung von skt. to-kharika. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 1984. Bd. 97. H. 1. S. 131–134.
Witzel 1995 — M. Witzel. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parameters. G. Erdosy (ed.). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995. P. 85–125.
Witzel 1999a — M. Witzel. Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (R̥gvedic, Middle and Late Vedic). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 1999. Vol. 5. Iss. 1. P. 1–67.
Witzel 1999b — M. Witzel. Aryan and non-Aryan names in Vedic India. Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900–500 B.C. J. Bronkhorst, M. M. Deshpande (eds.). Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, interpretation and ideology. Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1999. P. 337–404.
Witzel 2000 — M. Witzel. The home of the Aryans. A. Hintze, E. Tichy (eds.). Anusantatyai: Festschrift für Johanna Narten. Dettelbach: J. H. Röll, 2000. S. 283–338.
Witzel 2015 — M. Witzel. The Central Asian substrate in Old Iranian. Mother Tongue. 2015. Vol. 20. P. 149–178.
Yakubovich 2008 — I. Yakubovich. The Origin of Luwian Possessive Ad-jectives. K. Jones-Bley, M. E. Huld, A. Della Volpe, M. Robbins Dexter (eds.). Proceedings of the 19th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. Los Angeles, November 2–3, 2006. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 2008. P. 193–217.
Yelizarenkova 1989–1999 — T. Ya. Yelizarenkova (transl.). Rigveda. In 3 vols. Moscow: Nauka, 1989–1999.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
How to Cite
